Relación entre la percepción del consumo oral de líquidos y el volumen urinario en población sana / Oral fluid intake perception and urine volume in a healthy population

Introducción: el volumen urinario bajo (< 1 ml/kg/h) es el factor etiológico más frecuente en la litiasis renal. Frecuentemente, se asume que los niños que refieren beber mucho tienen una diuresis protectora. En este estudio analizamos el hábito de consumo de líquidos en niños sanos y su relación con el volumen urinario. Metodología: se estudiaron 84 niños, de 5 a 17 años. Se registró la percepción de consumo habitual de líquidos como: "poco", "normal" o "mucho" y los tipos de bebida habitual. Se cuantificó el volumen en orina de 24 h y se relacionó con la percepción de la ingesta de líquidos. Resultados: la ingesta habitual de líquidos fue calificada como "poca" en el 23% de los casos, "normal" en un 56% y "mucha" en un 21%. El 39% de los niños (33/84) presentó una diuresis > 1 ml/kg/h que, por grupos, supone el 38,9% de los que refirieron una ingesta escasa, el 63% de los de consumo "normal" y el 73,7% de los que refirieron ingesta elevada. El 56% de los niños de los grupos de ingesta "normal" y "elevada" mostraron una diuresis < 1 ml/kg/h. Conclusiones: la mayoría de niños mostraron una diuresis por debajo del límite recomendado, incluso entre los que refieren una ingesta "normal" o "elevada" de líquidos. Estos hallazgos hacen visible la necesidad de promover estrategias encaminadas a aumentar el consumo de agua en la población (AU)

Introduction: a low urine volume is a main etiological factor for renal lithiasis (< 1 ml/kg/h). It is commonly assumed that children who report a high fluid intake have a protective urine volume. The purpose of the present study is to assess the habit of fluid intake in healthy schoolchildren and to evaluate its relation with the urinary volume. Methods: eighty-four healthy schoolchildren (5-17 years) were asked to categorize their usual fluid intake amount by choosing one of the three options: "low", "normal" or "high" fluid intake. The usual consumed types of beverage were also recorded. Twenty-four-hour urine volume was measured in each child. The results of the questionnaire were compared to that from the urine samples. Results: a "low" fluid intake was referred by 23% of children, a "normal" fluid intake by 57% and a "high" fluid intake by 21%. Diuresis values > 1 ml/kg/h were observed in 39% of children (that is: 38.9% of the "low intake" group, 63% of the "normal intake" group and 73.7% of the "high intake" group). Among "normal" and "high" intake groups, a urinary output < 1 ml/kg/h was found in 56% of children. Conclusions: a majority of the studied children did not reach the minimum recommended diuresis to prevent urinary lithiasis, even among children who report a high intake of fluids. Strategies aimed at increasing water intake by children population should be highly encouraged (AU)

Hipertensión arterial: reflexiones a partir de la literatura y de casos clínicos / Arterial hypertension: considerations based on the literature and clinical cases

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Síndrome hemolítico-urémico: afectación renal a largo plazo / Hemolytic uremic syndrome: long term renal injury

Introducción: El síndrome hemolítico urémico es la causa más frecuente de insuficiencia renal aguda no prerrenal en edad pediátrica y suele ser secundario a diarrea aguda infecciosa, generalmente por Escherichia coli productor de verotoxina. Se caracteriza por fracaso renal agudo, anemia hemolítica y trombocitopenia. Puede producir secuelas renales a largo plazo y llevar a insuficiencia renal terminal. Material y métodos: El objetivo de este estudio retrospectivo es describir las secuelas renales y analizar los factores pronósticos de las mismas en los pacientes pediátricos atendidos en un hospital terciario español en los últimos 28 años. Resultados: Han sido atendidos 43 niños con esta patología, 38 de ellos con antecedentes de diarrea. Entre los seguidos más de 3 meses, en el momento de la última revisión (media 6,6 años, DE 5 años de seguimiento), un 21,6% (8/37) presentaba deterioro del filtrado glomerular. Incluyendo proteinuria e hipertensión arterial, encontramos hasta un 35,1% (13/37) de enfermedad renal crónica. Un 8,1% (3/37) entró en insuficiencia renal terminal. Encontramos como factores pronósticos de lesión renal a largo plazo en regresión logística univariante: hipertensión durante el ingreso, mayor leucocitosis, mayor duración del ingreso, mayor duración de la anuria y menor filtrado glomerular al alta. El análisis multivariante muestra asociación con la duración de la anuria. Conclusiones: Aproximadamente, una tercera parte de nuestros casos de síndrome hemolítico-urémico desarrollaron a largo plazo afectación renal en grado variable. Una mayor y más prolongada afectación de la función renal inicial se asocia en nuestro estudio con una mayor probabilidad de deterioro renal en su evolución posterior (AU)

Introduction: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is the most frequent cause of non-pre-renal acute renal failure in pediatrics and it is usually secondary to acute infectious diarrhea, generally due to Shiga-toxin producing E. coli. It is characterized by acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. It can lead to renal sequels in the long term and to end-stage renal disease. Methods: The aim of this retrospective study is to describe and analyze renal sequels and their prognostic factors in pediatric patients suffering from HUS in a Spanish tertiary hospital during the last 28 years. Results: 43 children with this condition were admitted, with 38 of them having presented with diarrhea previously. Among those with a follow-up longer than 3 months, 21.6% (8/37) had a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the last visit. Including proteinuria and hypertension, we found up to 35.1% (13/37) prevalence of chronic kidney disease, with 8.1% (3/37) of the patients with end-stage renal disease. We found the following to be prognostic factors for renal injury in the long term in a univariate logistic regression: hypertension, a longer stay in the hospital, more prolonged anuria, more severe leukocytosis and lower GFR at discharge. Multivariate logistic regression showed an association with time in anuria. Conclusions: Approximately one third of our cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome developed some degree of chronic kidney disease in the long term. A deeper and longer initial renal disfunction is associated with a higher probability of subsequent renal problems (AU)

Evolución a largo plazo de la nefritis lúpica de inicio en la edad pediátrica / Long-term outcome of paediatric lupus nephritis

Introducción: El riñón es uno de los órganos más frecuentemente afectados por el lupus eritematoso sistémico. Recientemente se ha indicado que el pronóstico renal en esta enfermedad ha mejorado con un diagnóstico y tratamiento específico más precoz e intenso. A menudo, los estudios en edad pediátrica carecen de un tiempo de seguimiento suficiente para conocer la evolución a largo plazo. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo desde 1986 hasta 2009 basado en la revisión de historias clínicas de pacientes diagnosticados de nefritis lúpica en la sección de Nefrología Infantil de un hospital terciario. Se incluye a pacientes menores de 18 años de edad al diagnóstico y se excluye a pacientes con seguimiento menor de 3 meses o datos incompletos. Recogida y descripción evolutiva de variables clínicas, analíticas de función renal y actividad de la enfermedad así como anatomía patológica y tratamientos empleados. Análisis de variables de riesgo para existencia de afectación renal en el último control. Resultados: Recuperamos datos de 16 pacientes (3 varones y 13 mujeres) con una edad al inicio del lupus eritematoso sistémico de 10,6±2,9 años y al diagnóstico de nefritis lúpica de 12,6±3,5 años. Se obtuvo biopsia renal en 14 de ellos, en 11 de estos (78,6%) 3 meses o menos tras el diagnóstico. En 9 casos (64,3%) se encontró una clase IV de la OMS (3 casos clase III y 2 casos clase II). En el último control (10,7±6,7 años de evolución), 7/16 (43,8%) presentaban enfermedad renal crónica: 5 casos con proteinuria (uno en rango nefrótico), un caso en estadio 2 y un caso en hemodiálisis tras fracaso de injerto renal. Entre los seguidos más de 10 años, 4/9 (44,4%) tenían alteraciones: 3 pacientes presentaban proteinuria más el paciente en hemodiálisis. La mayoría (15/16) recibieron tratamiento con bolos de ciclofosfamida intravenosa en número variable tras el diagnóstico. Solamente se encontró asociación de la afectación renal con una mayor proteinuria a los 3 meses, al año y a los 3 años de evolución. Conclusiones: Consideramos la evolución de nuestros pacientes a largo plazo como muy satisfactoria. Aunque un 44,4% de aquellos con más de 10 años de seguimiento presentaba alguna alteración renal, solamente uno (11,1%) ha evolucionado a insuficiencia renal terminal. Estos pacientes presentaban una mayor proteinuria desde los primeros controles (AU)

Introduction: Kidney is frequently affected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It has been recently suggested that the renal outcome in this disease has improved with an earlier diagnosis and intensive specific treatment. Quite often, articles with paediatric patients lack a prolonged follow-up which could help to predict long term outcome. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study based on the review of clinical records from patients with a diagnosis of lupus nephritis in a Paediatric Nephrology unit of a tertiary care centre, between 1987 and 2009. Patients were included with an age up to 18 at diagnosis. They were excluded if follow-up period was shorter than 3 months or if data lacked about it. It includes descriptive evolution of clinical parameters, kidney function, lupus activity as well as pathology and treatment. Several variables were tested for association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the last checkpoint. Results: Data were obtained from 16 patients, 3 men and 13 women. Age at the beginning of SLE was 10.6±2.9 years and 12.6±3.5 years at debut of lupus nephritis. Biopsy was obtained in 14 of them, in 11 cases (78.6 %), 3 or less months following diagnosis. In 9 cases (64.3 per cent), biopsy showed WHO class IV, 3 cases, class III and 2 cases, class II. In the last control (10.7±6.7 years of follow-up), 7/16 (43.8 %) had developed CKD: 5 cases with proteinuria (one in nephrotic range), one in stage 2 and one patient in haemodialysis after renal graft loss. Among those with a follow-up longer than 10 years, 4/9 (44.4 %) of them showed some sign of renal disease: 3/9 with proteinuria, and the one needing haemodialysis. Most of the patients (15/16) received treatment with intravenous cyclophosphamide boluses in a variable number after diagnosis. Only a more intense proteinuria at 3 months, 1 year and 3 years of evolution was related to CKD in the last visit. Conclusions: We consider the long term evolution of our patients to have been very satisfactory. Although 44.4 % of them developed renal anomalies after 10 or more years, only one (11.1%) reached an end-stage renal disease. These patients presented a higher grade of proteinuria from the first visits (AU)

[Long-term outcome of paediatric lupus nephritis]. / Evolución a largo plazo de la nefritis lúpica de inicio en la edad pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Kidney is frequently affected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It has been recently suggested that the renal outcome in this disease has improved with an earlier diagnosis and intensive specific treatment. Quite often, articles with paediatric patients lack a prolonged follow-up which could help to predict long term outcome. METHODS: This is a retrospective descriptive study based on the review of clinical records from patients with a diagnosis of lupus nephritis in a Paediatric Nephrology unit of a tertiary care centre, between 1987 and 2009. Patients were included with an age up to 18 at diagnosis. They were excluded if follow-up period was shorter than 3 months or if data lacked about it. It includes descriptive evolution of clinical parameters, kidney function, lupus activity as well as pathology and treatment. Several variables were tested for association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the last checkpoint. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 16 patients, 3 men and 13 women. Age at the beginning of SLE was 10.6 + or - 2.9 years and 12.6 + or - 3.5 years at debut of lupus nephritis. Biopsy was obtained in 14 of them, in 11 cases (78.6 %), 3 or less months following diagnosis. In 9 cases (64.3 per cent), biopsy showed WHO class IV, 3 cases, class III and 2 cases, class II. In the last control (10.7 + or - 6.7 years of follow-up), 7/16 (43.8 %) had developed CKD: 5 cases with proteinuria (one in nephrotic range), one in stage 2 and one patient in haemodialysis after renal graft loss. Among those with a follow-up longer than 10 years, 4/9 (44.4 %) of them showed some sign of renal disease: 3/9 with proteinuria, and the one needing haemodialysis. Most of the patients (15/16) received treatment with intravenous cyclophosphamide boluses in a variable number after diagnosis. Only a more intense proteinuria at 3 months, 1 year and 3 years of evolution was related to CKD in the last visit. CONCLUSIONS: We consider the long term evolution of our patients to have been very satisfactory. Although 44.4 % of them developed renal anomalies after 10 or more years, only one (11.1%) reached an end-stage renal disease. These patients presented a higher grade of proteinuria from the first visits.

[Hemolytic uremic syndrome: long term renal injury]. / Síndrome hemolítico-urémico: afectación renal a largo plazo.

INTRODUCTION: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is the most frequent cause of non-pre-renal acute renal failure in pediatrics and it is usually secondary to acute infectious diarrhea, generally due to Shiga-toxin producing E. coli. It is characterized by acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. It can lead to renal sequels in the long term and to end-stage renal disease. METHODS: The aim of this retrospective study is to describe and analyze renal sequels and their prognostic factors in pediatric patients suffering from HUS in a Spanish tertiary hospital during the last 28 years. RESULTS: 43 children with this condition were admitted, with 38 of them having presented with diarrhea previously. Among those with a follow-up longer than 3 months, 21.6% (8/37) had a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the last visit. Including proteinuria and hypertension, we found up to 35.1% (13/37) prevalence of chronic kidney disease, with 8.1% (3/37) of the patients with end-stage renal disease. We found the following to be prognostic factors for renal injury in the long term in a univariate logistic regression: hypertension, a longer stay in the hospital, more prolonged anuria, more severe leukocytosis and lower GFR at discharge. Multivariate logistic regression showed an association with time in anuria. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one third of our cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome developed some degree of chronic kidney disease in the long term. A deeper and longer initial renal disfunction is associated with a higher probability of subsequent renal problems.

[Chylothorax: experience in a paediatric intensive care unit]. / Quilotórax: experiencia en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos.

INTRODUCTION: Chylothorax is a fairly common condition seen in paediatric intensive care units, since it usually appears in the postoperative care of cardiothoracic surgery. Nevertheless, there is still uncertainty on the most effective treatment option and the prognostic factors for a positive response. OBJECTIVES: To describe our experience in the management of patients with chylothorax admitted to our paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). To look for prognostic factors for a response to the different treatments. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is a descriptive and analytical, retrospective study, that includes the period 2000-2007. All cases of chylothorax of any aetiology diagnosed during this period in our PICU were included (excluding congenital neonatal cases). Demographic variables, aetiology, evolution of the debit, complications, type of treatment with results and side effects were recorded, along with the clinical progress. The possible relationship between the different variables (age, aetiology, debit), and progress, as well as response to treatments was analysed. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients, 12 males and 12 females, were included, of which 70.8% (17) were under 1 year of age. A total of 79.2% (19) were in postoperative care after surgery for a congenital heart disease. The most notable complications were sepsis (3/24 cases, 12.5%), hypoalbuminaemia (3/24, 12.5%), haemodynamic changes (2/24, 8.3%) and catheter-associated sepsis (2/16, 12.5%). The treatment with fat-free or rich in medium chain triglycerides diet was effective in 9/21 cases (43%) and total parenteral nutrition in 3/5 (60%), as opposed to the infusion of somatostatin in 8/11 (73%), used in second or third line. Somatostatin side effects were hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and digestive disturbances, one patient in each case, and not causing complications. We did not find prognostic factors as regards progression or for the response to the different treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Sepsis, hypoalbuminaemia and haemodynamic disturbances were found to be complications associated to chylothorax. The treatment with somatostatin did not produce severe side effects, and there was a positive response in 73% of those treated with it.

Quilotórax: experiencia en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Chylothorax: experience in a paediatric intensive care unit

Introducción: en la experiencia clínica en cuidados intensivos pediátricos es relativamente frecuente encontrar quilotórax, dado que suele aparecer en el postoperatorio de cirugías cardiotorácicas. Sin embargo, todavía hay incertidumbre acerca de su tratamiento en cuanto a la elección de las distintas opciones terapéuticas, su eficacia y factores pronósticos para una respuesta positiva. Objetivos: describir nuestra experiencia en el manejo de los pacientes con quilotórax ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Buscar factores pronósticos de respuesta a los diversos tratamientos. Material y método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo y analítico, retrospectivo, que abarca el periodo 2000–2007. Se incluyeron los casos de quilotórax pediátrico de cualquier etiología atendidos en dicho periodo en nuestra unidad (excluidos casos neonatales congénitos). Se registraron variables demográficas, etiología, evolución del débito, complicaciones, tipo de tratamiento con resultado y efectos secundarios y evolución clínica. Se analizó estadísticamente la posible relación entre diversas variables (edad, etiología, débito) y la evolución y la respuesta a tratamientos. Resultados: se recogió un total de 24 pacientes, la mitad de cada sexo. Un 70,8% (17) eran menores de 1 año. El 79,2% (19) se encontraban en el postoperatorio de una cirugía por cardiopatía congénita. Las complicaciones más destacables fueron sepsis (3/24 casos, 12,5%), hipoalbuminemia (3/24, 12,5%), alteración hemodinámica (2/24, 8,3%) y sepsis por catéter (2/16, 12,5%). El tratamiento con dieta exenta en grasas o rica en ácidos grasos de cadena media fue eficaz en 9/21 casos (43%) y la nutrición parenteral total en 3/5 (60%), frente a la perfusión de somatostatina en 8/11 (73%), usada como segunda o tercera elección. Los efectos secundarios en relación con ella fueron hipoglucemia, hiperglucemia y molestias digestivas, un paciente en cada caso, y no causaron complicaciones. No se encontraron factores pronósticos de la evolución ni de la respuesta a los diversos tratamientos. Conclusiones: encontramos pacientes con sepsis, hipoalbuminemia y trastornos hemodinámicos como complicaciones relacionadas con el quilotórax. El tratamiento con somatostatina no presentó complicaciones graves y en un 73% de los pacientes tratados se produjo curación del quilotórax (AU)

Introduction: Chylothorax is a fairly common condition seen in paediatric intensive care units, since it usually appears in the postoperative care of cardiothoracic surgery. Nevertheless, there is still uncertainty on the most effective treatment option and the prognostic factors for a positive response. Objectives: To describe our experience in the management of patients with chylothorax admitted to our paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). To look for prognostic factors for a response to the different treatments. Material and method: This is a descriptive and analytical, retrospective study, that includes the period 2000–2007. All cases of chylothorax of any aetiology diagnosed during this period in our PICU were included (excluding congenital neonatal cases). Demographic variables, aetiology, evolution of the debit, complications, type of treatment with results and side effects were recorded, along with the clinical progress. The possible relationship between the different variables (age, aetiology, debit), and progress, as well as response to treatments was analysed. Results: A total of 24 patients, 12 males and 12 females, were included, of which 70.8% (17) were under 1 year of age. A total of 79.2% (19) were in postoperative care after surgery for a congenital heart disease. The most notable complications were sepsis (3/24 cases, 12.5%), hypoalbuminaemia (3/24, 12.5%), haemodynamic changes (2/24, 8.3%) and catheter-associated sepsis (2/16, 12.5%). The treatment with fat-free or rich in medium chain triglycerides diet was effective in 9/21 cases (43%) and total parenteral nutrition in 3/5 (60%), as opposed to the infusion of somatostatin in 8/11 (73%), used in second or third line. Somatostatin side effects were hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and digestive disturbances, one patient in each case, and not causing complications. We did not find prognostic factors as regards progression or for the response to the different treatments. Conclusions: Sepsis, hypoalbuminaemia and haemodynamic disturbances were found to be complications associated to chylothorax. The treatment with somatostatin did not produce severe side effects, and there was a positive response in 73% of those treated with it (AU)

El tortícolis como manifestación inicial de un tumor de fosa posterior: el caso de una niña con astrocitoma pilocítico / Torticolis as an initial sign of posterior fossa tumor: case of child with pilocytic astrocytoma

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